[12][d], E1b1a1a1c is defined by private marker M149. At present the most consistent explanation is that E-V13 developed from E-M78 in Central or Eastern Europe during the Neolithic period, and was assimilated by the R1a and R1b Proto-Indo-Europeans around the time that they were leaving the Pontic Steppe to invade the rest of Europe. around the Czech Republic). (2022) analysed the DNA of the remains of John Corvinus and his son Christopher Corvinus, the two last members of the Hunyadi family. Haplogroup E1b1a7 (defined by M191) is modal in most groups in countries from Ghana to Mozambique and only at slightly lower frequency in South African Bantu speakers (33.8% compared with E1b1a8*. Lewis MP : Ethnologue: Languages of the World. The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant We note that the phenomenon of surfing can explain the absence of an allele in only some groups that are the consequence of range expansion.48, 49 However ,unless the allele (in this case NRY belonging to haplogroup E1b1a8a1a) became extinct early in the western route expansion (which is, in effect, the same as not having been part of that expansion), there is no reason to suppose that extinction of the haplogroup in western route groups (Guthrie classification H, B and C) was more likely than in eastern groups (Guthrie classification N and P). Personally, I can't remember any study who detected E1b1a in that region during the BA or among the Natufians. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. [25] Nana was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroup L2b3a. However, Razib Khan in this podcast says that E1b1a was pretty common among ancient Levantines. do you know whether the hp E1b1a was ever found in ancient Levant? The increase in the rate of identification of slowly mutating NRY binary markers (ie, unique event polymorphisms (UEPs))21, 22, 23 has resulted in many studies designed to investigate the paternally mediated genetic relationships of sub-Saharan African populations. These branches split from one another around 47,500 years ago in the horn of Africa, followed by the emergence of prominent SNP mutation E-M2 which gained footing there. Outside Europe, E1b1b is found at high frequencies in Morocco (over 80%), Somalia (80%), Ethiopia (40% to 80%), Tunisia (70%), Algeria (60%), Egypt (40%), Jordan (25%), Palestine (20%), and Lebanon (17.5%). Bantu and European Y-lineages in sub-Saharan Africa. [26] West Africans (e.g., Mende of Sierra Leone), bearing the Senegal sickle cell haplotype,[29][26] may have migrated into Mauritania (77% modern rate of occurrence) and Senegal (100%); they may also have migrated across the Sahara, into North Africa, and from North Africa, into Southern Europe, Turkey, and a region near northern Iraq and southern Turkey. The outer and two inner fragments were amplified in a 10-l reaction volume containing 1l (1ng) of template DNA, 1.6l (50uM) dNTPs, 9.3nM TaqStart monoclonal antibody (BD Biosciences Clontech, Oxford, UK), 0.13U of Taq polymerase (HT Biotech, Cambridge, UK) and outer and inner primers (see Supplementary Table S2 for primer details). E1b1a1a1b is defined by M116.2, a private marker. Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. [9] Brucato et al. L791 and Z21466 have a mostly European distribution today and their ages point toward a Neolithic diffusion. [15] Gad et al. Tanya M Simms 2011, The Peopling of the Bahamas: A Phylogeographical Z830, M310.1's brother clade, is almost exclusively Middle Eastern. What is even more surprising is that these subclades do not show any consistent geographic pattern. peoples). Something is wrong: Where do black people come from? or even E1b1a(not to mention all the mtDNA L lineages found as well). Mol Ecol 2011; 20: 26932708. Evol Bioinform Online 2005; 1: 4750. Veeramah KR, Connell BA, Ansari Pour N et al. . Thank you for visiting nature.com. The M81 clade is defined by 150 other mutations beside M81 itself. Perspective pg. L2a is widespread in Africa and the most common and . Lang Dyn Change 2011; 1: 5088. J Afr Hist 1995; 36: 173195. So what exactly is the definition of a hamite? Mol Biol Evol 2004; 21: 16731682. Due to the scarcity of full genomic sequences available from the Balkans, it is not yet clear when E-V13 expanded in that region. Naser Ansari Pour. All modern carriers of this lineage descend from a common ancestor who lived only 1,200 years ago, and all are Ashkenazi Jews. Nowadays, the FGC18412 (aka Y5412) clade is the main variety of M123 found in Europe. Distribution of haplogroup E-M123 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. Castri L, Tofanelli S, Garagnani P et al. The biggest genetic impact of the Romans/Italians outside of Italy appears to have been in Gaul (modern France, Belgium, southern Germany and Switzerland), probably because this was the closest region to Italy using the well-developed Roman road network (actually inherited from the Gauls themselves). The basal subclade is quite regularly observed in M2+ samples. Of these lineages, the most common subclade is L2a, which is found in Africa the Levant and in the Americas.. Haplogroup L2 has been observed among specimens at the island cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550-800).. Haplogroup L2a. Subsequently, the expansion is thought to have continued along the south-eastern coast (East-Bantu route).5 In an alternative model, the split came later after passage through the rain forest.3, 4 The Bantu language family is distributed throughout most of sub-equatorial Africa and is the continents largest, both in terms of the numbers of individuals speaking it and its geographic spread.2, 6, 7 This level of linguistic homogeneity among geographically distant populations across sub-Saharan Africa supports the suggestion of rapid expansion. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Article E1b1b lineages are closely linked to the diffusion of Afroasiatic languages. He is Johnstone Family Professor in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University, and is known for his advocacy of evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mind. How many people in the world are estimated to have E1b1a DNA, a genetic A new method for the evaluation of matches in non-recombining genomes: application to Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes in European males. Jobling MA, Hurles ME, Tyler-Smith C : Human Evolutionary Genetics: Origins. More specifically, E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of the African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa and Middle East. Author: Maciamo Hay. According to the DNA results of a relative, Google co-founder Larry Page (b. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 11971214. (2016) tested the first ancient DNA samples from the Mesolithic Natufian culture in Israel, possibly the world's oldest sedentary community, and found that the male individuals belonged either to haplogroups CT or E1b1 (including two E1b1b1b2 samples). Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 265268. Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 4362. In just a few centuries, that very minor E-V13 lineage had started an expansion process that would turn it into one of Europe's most widespread paternal lineages and reach far beyond the borders of Europe itself, also spreading to the eastern edge of the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Kurdistan, Iran, and even Siberia. The authors declare no conflict of interest. It would then have spread to Greece and Italy alongside haplogroup J2a1 and T1a-P77. Abingdon: Garland Science, 2004. Even within Britain it is found mainly in Wales, a region known to have served as a refuge for the Romano-British population during the Anglo-Saxon invasions. Outside North Africa, M81 is far more frequent in parts of Iberia than anywhere else in Europe or the Near East. Also in favor of E1b1b-V22 is the fact that E1b1a occurs in 2% of Egyptians, while E1b1b-V22 occurs in 15% of north Egyptians, 5% in Egyptians from several oasis to the west of the Nile, and 4% in south Egyptians. The major finding of these studies was that genetic distances (FST) among all EBSP groups are much less than the average FST among West-African and Nilo-Saharan groups, indicating a considerable level of homogeneity among EBSP groups. Sardinia is also the only part of Europe where Bronze Age Steppe ancestry is virtually absent. M310.1 itself dates from the Late Paleolithic and could have come to Italy via Anatolia and Greece any time between the Late Glacial period and the Iron Age, including with Neolithic farmers, the Minoans, or the Etruscans. E1b1a (M58) Expansion between the Great Lakes & Midwest Africa Science 2009; 324: 10351044. An Indo-European dispersal of V13 subclades would not only explain why E-V13 is present in places like Finland, northwest Russia or Siberia, where Neolithic farmers had a negligible impact, but also why E-V13 is so conspicuously lacking from the Basque country and (central) Sardinia, the two regions of Europe with the highest Neolithic ancestry. Thomas MG, Bradman N, Flinn HM : High throughput analysis of 10 microsatellite and 11 diallelic polymorphisms on the human Y-chromosome. (2010) found U175 in tested Annang (45.3%), Ibibio (37%), Efik (33.3%), and Igbo (25.3%) but did not test for U209. volume21,pages 423429 (2013)Cite this article. E1b1a (L576) This population represents an East to West thrust in Africa, only E1b1a lineage able to survive crossing the A1b1 territories. The early development of agriculture triggered significant population growth, resulting in the expansion of early farming populations, along with the spread of language families in many parts of the world, including Africa.1 The many advantages of agricultural subsistence over foraging is a likely contributing factor to the rapid expansion of agriculturists and their languages during the holocene.2 A well-known example of this phenomenon in Africa is the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP), which is thought, on the basis of linguistic evidence, to have started around 5000 years ago3 in the region on the border between modern day eastern Nigeria and Cameroon.4 It is widely accepted that there was an early split into eastern and western routes in which farmers first expanded east and also, within 1500 years, reached West-Central Africa. A few isolated occurrences of E-M2 have also been observed among populations in Southern Europe, such as Croatia, Malta, Spain and Portugal.[49][50][51][52]. (2007) suggests that E-M78, E1b1b predominant subclade in Egypt, originated in "Northeastern Africa", with a corridor for bidirectional migrations between northeastern and eastern Africa (at least 2 episodes between 23.9-17.3 ky and 18.0-5.9 ky ago), trans-Mediterranean migrations directly from northern Africa to Europe (mainly in The distribution of haplogroup E1b1a8a1a (defined by U181) with a very recent TMRCA of only 11001638 YBP is very different, however, being restricted to Nigeria and the east side of sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 2). Klopfstein S, Currat M, Excoffier L : The fate of mutations surfing on the wave of a range expansion. The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree. Since R1a-CTS1211 is not originally Germanic, it is likely that the Goths also brought a small but noticeable percentage of assimilated lineages from the Balkans, including E-V13 and J2b1 (I2a1b-CTS10228 would have come later from the East Slavic migrations from Ukraine during the Early Middle Ages, hence its absence from Italy, apart from a few coastal areas facing the Adriatic Sea). It would be unthinkable that over 1,500 years of Hellenisation and Byzantine rule in Anatolia and the Levant didn't leave any genetic trace. It has been hypothesized that E1b1a, including its subbranch E1b1a7 (defined by M191, and not tested in the present study), arose in west Central Africa and was later taken southward through a demic expansion ( Cruciani et al. The Phoenicians would have spread E-M34 to Cyprus, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, Ibiza and southern Iberia. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade brought people to North America, Central America and South America including the Caribbean. Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Santolamazza P et al. ISSN 1476-5438 (online) E-M2 is approximately 7.77.9% of total US male population. The distribution of haplogroup E1b1a8a1* defined by U290 in the absence of U181 with a TMRCA of 14131725 YBP is similar to that of E1b1a8 and may be interpreted in the same way. [12], E1b1a1a1e is defined by markers M10, M66, M156 and M195. Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly known as E3b) represents the last major direct migration from Africa into Europe. Grard Lucotte et al. Living Descendants of Biblical Canaanites Identified Via DNA E1b1a is also known as E-M2 and E1b1b is also know as E-M215 or as E-M35. There is clearly a radiation from the Greece (where E-V13 makes up approximately 30% of the paternal lineages) to the East Mediterranean (where the frequency drops to under 5%). The EBSP impact on African demography has, over the past decade, also been studied by analysing paternal and maternal sex-specific genetic systems (non-recombining region of the Y chromosome (NRY) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)). Forensic Sci Int 2000; 114: 3143. Attempts were made to identify genetic relationships among EBSP groups in the context of Africa as a whole10, 11 (also see Supplementary Figure S112). Haplogroup E-V68, also known as E1b1b1a, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup found in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia and Europe.It is a subclade of the larger and older haplogroup, known as E1b1b or E-M215 (also roughly equivalent to E-M35). One of his patrilineal descendants was identified as a member of haplogroup E-V13 > Z17107. [13][14], At Kindoki, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there were three individuals, dated to the protohistoric period (230 BP, 150 BP, 230 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1a2 (E-CTS99, E-CTS99) and L1c3a1b, another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-PF1620), and the last carried haplogroups R1b1 (R-P25 1, R-M415) and L0a1b1a1. [25] Coosaw was of West African and Native American ancestry and carried haplogroups E2b1a-CTS2400 and A2. Distribution of haplogroup E1b1b in Europe, the Near East and North Africa. These are to date the oldest known E1b1b individuals. [39][40][41], Outside of Africa, E-M2 has been found at low frequencies. E-M123 originated some 19,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age Its place of origin is uncertain, but it was probably in the Red Sea region, somewhere between the southern Levant and Ethiopia. They note that in studies to date, Eastern African groups are greatly underrepresented but essential for investigating the direction of expansion. (2002) states: "A possible explanation might be that haplotype 24 chromosomes [E-M2*] were already present across the Sudanese belt when the M191 mutation, which defines haplotype 22, arose in central western Africa. The TMRCA was estimated using an average NRY STR mutation rate of 0.00245 and generation time of 25 years. [e], E1b1a1a1h is defined by markers P268 and P269. Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites:Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. [25] Tima was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L3e1e. Additional genetic testing suggest that the remains may indeed belong to Y-DNA Haplogroup E1b1b which split from E1b1a, and tends to be common in the Levant, Northern Africa, and the Rift valley region in modern times. [31] 15% (10/69) of Hutus in Rwanda tested positive for M58. The frequency of E subclades has varied geographically over time due to founder effects in Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age populations, i.e. Haplogroup E-V38 - Wikipedia If that is the case, E-M78 or E-M123 could have come to southern Europe through North African cattle herders during the Neolithic, although this hypothesis remains purely conjectural. [59] It has also been observed in a number of populations in Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America among people of African descent. You should learn them by the mutations because the letters change, the mutations don't. E1b1a used to be E3a, but always was E-M2. In 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. E1b1a, on the other hand, is said to have never left Africa but was reported in 6% of Natufian samples. The expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP) during the past 3000-5000 years is an event of great importance in the history of humanity. DYS271/M2/SY81, P1/PN1, P189, P293, and M291 appear to form E1b1a1*. Science 2003; 300: 597603. Populations in Northwest Africa, central Eastern Africa and Madagascar have tested at more moderate frequencies. [15] Using Whit Athey's haplogroup predictor based on Y-STR values both mummies were predicted to share the Y chromosomal haplogroup E1b1a1-M2 and 50% of their genetic material, which pointed to a father-son relationship. Interestingly, de Filippo et al31 recently reported differences in the frequencies of haplogroups E1b1a and E1b1a7 between Bantu and Non-Bantu Niger-Congo speakers. Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973), the 36th President of the United States, was identified as a member of haplogroup E1b1b1 through the Johnson/Johnston/Johnstone DNA Surname Project. PubMed Correspondence to Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65: 829846. (2011) significantly redefined the E-V38 phylogenetic tree. . The remains of the great Italian Baroque painter Caravaggio (1571-1610) were excavated to confirm the circumstances of his mysterious death at the age of 38. The American actor and producer Nicolas Cage (born 1964),has been found to belong to haplogroup E1b1b-M84. Table 1 reports the frequencies of all observed haplogroups, including the component haplogroups of E1b1a. Where Did Haplogroup E1b1b Originate and Expand From? Combined use of biallelic and microsatellite Y-chromosome polymorphisms to infer affinities among African populations. The publication transposes M116.2 with M116.1 in Table 1. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 532544. Franz Kafka, a German-speaking Bohemian novelist and short-story writer, who is widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature probably belonged to E-Y161794, a Jewish branch of haplogroup E-M81, based on the Y-DNA test of another Kafka from Czechia at FTDNA. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures. Besides, E1b1b was not found in Neolithic Iran or Anatolia, and only showed up twice among the hundreds of Neolithic European samples that have been tested. To obtain [17][18], At a San Jose de los Naturales Royal Hospital burial site, in Mexico City, Mexico, three enslaved West Africans of West African and Southern African ancestry, dated between 1453 CE and 1626 CE, 1450 CE and 1620 CE, and 1436 CE and 1472 CE, were found; one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1b/E-M263.2 and L1b2a, another carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1/E-P278.1/E-M425 and L3d1a1a, and the last carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1a1c/E-CTS8030 and L3e1a1a. Salas A, Richards M, De la FT et al. This page is not available in other languages. The exact position of V43 and V95 within these three subclades and E1b1a1a1b (M116.2), E1b1a1a1c (M149), and E1b1a1a1d (M155) Whether these E-M78 samples came with Neolithic farmers from the Near East or were already present among Mesolithic Europeans is unclear at present. The clade has been found at low frequencies in West Asia. Am J Phys Anthropol 1987; 30: 151194. Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA : Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny. Consequently, the haplogroup is often observed in the United States populations in men who self-identify as African Americans. Ramesses III's DNA is E1b1b | Gnostic Warrior By Moe Bedard Anthropology, archaeology, linguistics and, in recent decades, genetics have been used to elucidate some of the events and processes involved. Y Haplogroup Diversity of the Dominican Republic: Reconstructing the Pakendorf et al7 identify and provide evidence of greater complexity in the process of the EBSP as suggested by Alves et al33 and Montano et al.34. This page was last modified 01:24, 7 January 2020. Migrations within the Roman Empire probably played a role, although a minor one, in the redistribution of E1b1b in Europe. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A : The History and Geography of Human Genes. Dallas: SIL International, 2009. [5] The downstream SNP E-M180 may have originated in the humid south-central Saharan savanna/grassland of North Africa between 14,000 BP and 10,000 BP. The same haplogroups show up in Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan, accompanied by new haplogroups (H2 and T). E-M2 is found at low to moderate frequencies in North Africa, and Northeast Africa. A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes. Google Scholar. Although the battery of the NRY markers typed in UEP kits gives a relatively crude resolution of NRY haplogroups, the typing of four UEP markers within E1b1a considerably increases the resolution of NRY types associated with EBSP.32. EgyptSearch Forums: Ramses iii was not E1b1a?